Terrorism And The Society

Terrorism And The Society HYPOTHESIS: Terrorism is a forceful and unlawful method to achieve the desired goal. Its sole motive is to overthrow the existing law and order machinery. It is a deliberate use of violence against civilians and armed personnel and the state. INTRODUCTION Before we get into Terrorism and its effects on Society, we must clearly understand what terrorism means. Terrorism isnt a new term, and though it has been used since the beginning of recorded history, it is still relatively hard to define. It has been described both, as a tactic and a strategy; a crime and a holy duty; a justified reaction to oppression and an inexcusable abomination. It is quite obvious that a lot depends on from whose point of view the term is being explained. Terrorism is often an effective tactic for the weaker side in a conflict. Being asymmetric form of conflict, it is able to confer coercive power with many advantages of military force at a much lower cost. The small size and secretive nature of terrorist organizations are the reasons why they often offer opponents no clear organization to defend against or to deter. Terrorism has, in some cases, been a method to carry on a conflict without the opponent realizing the nature of the threat, mistaking terrorism for criminal activity. Due to these attributes, terrorism has become increasingly common among those pursuing extreme goals throughout the world. But despite its popularity, terrorism can be a vague and hazy concept. Terrorism is a criminal act that influences an audience beyond the immediate victim. The terrorists have a strategy. That is, to commit acts of violence that draws the attention of the local people, the government, and the world to their cause. The planning of their attacks is such as to obtain the greatest publicity and to choose targets that symbolize what they oppose. It is not the terrorist act itself that gives effectiveness to the act, but rather the public or governments reaction to the act. For example, in the 1972 Munich Olympics, the Black September Organization killed 11 Israelis. Even though the Israelis were the immediate victims, the true target was the estimated one billion people watching the event on television. There are three basic perspectives of terrorism, namely, the victims, the general publics, and the terrorists. The phrase one mans terrorist is another mans freedom fighter is a view that terrorists themselves would accept. They do not see themselves as evil. They believe themselves to be licensed soldiers, fighting for what they believe in, by whatever means possible. A victim of a terrorist act sees the terrorist as an offender, a felon, a criminal with no regard for human life. The general publics view is the most unstable. India has been affected more by terrorism than other countries. India has faced more significant terrorist attacks than most countries in recent times, and the attacks on the Mumbai commuter rail system makes the fact clear that the threat of terrorism still persists. India, like other countries, has responded by enacting special antiterrorism laws. In the aftermath of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, and the attacks soon thereafter on the Jammu Kashmir Assembly and the Indian Parliament buildings, India enacted the Prevention of Terrorism Act of 2002 (POTA). POTA incorporated many of the provisions found the Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act of 1985, an earlier law that remained in effect until 1995. While POTA was potentially repealed in 2004, cases pending at the time of repeal have proceeded. The government has preserved some of POTAs key provisions by reenacting them as amendments to the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act of 1967. Some of the commonly agreed characteristics of a terrorist movement are: 1) Violence 2) Psychological impact and fear 3) Perpetrated for a political goal 4) Deliberate targeting of non-combatants 5) Unlawfulness or legitimacy REVIEW OF LITERATURE Colonial Continuities: Human Rights, Terrorism and Security Laws in India is an article written by Anil Kalhan. It examines Indias anti-terrorism and other security laws. POTA and other Indian antiterrorism laws have raised a host of human rights issues, some of which are similar to those raised by antiterrorism laws in other countries, including the United States. Such concerns include, overly broad and ambiguous definitions of terrorism that fail to satisfy the principle of legality. Global Terrorism and Major Indian Legislations as the name suggests is an article on terrorism that explains the meaning of global terrorism and how the Indian Government is trying to fight against terrorism by making laws etc. It examines how effectively provisions in the Indian Penal Code, 1860 can deal with offences related to global terrorism. From Socio-economic imbalance to Terrorism-The Case of North East India is an article written by Siddhartha Mitra. It sheds light on the causation that has led to the association between high incidence of terrorist activity and the low level of affluence in the North East region. An imbalance is also created by the high level of literacy which facilitates the creation of discontented politically motivated terrorist groups as a reaction to the mentioned outcomes. OBJECTIVE The series of bomb-blasts in India, (Bangalore, Ahmedabad, Delhi, Mumbai and now Pune) and the less publicized killings in Kashmir, Orissa, Assam, Gujarat, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka, seems to be part of a pre-planned and calculated program of terror-generation by various fundamentalist groups. These disruptive forces must be resisted and while standing united as Indians, we should think of strategies and tactics for promoting peace and eliminating terrorism from India.. With this intention, I am attempting to elicit, compile and analyse peoples views and ideas on how best to deal with this imminent threat. My objective is to create a useful document that will reflect the perceptions of citizens on the causes of terrorism and the concrete steps required to be taken to promote peace. SURVEY The people answering the questions preferred to remain anonymous, I have interviewed eight people, asking them FIVE basic questions, being: 1. How can we fight against Terrorism? 2. Is the government in denial about Terrorism in India? 3. Do we all agree that Terrorism is he outcome of Religious Teachings? 4. How can we stop Terrorism? 5. Does our country need strong laws to fight terrorism? 1.HOW CAN WE FIGHT AGAINST TERRORISM? 1.The government should start a separate department like the CBI and the Defense and President of India should control this department. This department should have all the powers to arrest anybody who is a suspect. Media should be kept away from this department so that media leaks no information. And common man should not fear these attacks, it is easy to say but following is not easy. 2. A fight against terrorism can be combated only by developing a collective conscience of religious tolerance and a focus on human rights conscience 3.Make every body educated from childhood that terrorism will never lead to any solution. 4. 1) By countering and prevention of attacks or possible attacks by force when and where possible to the maximum extent. As terrorists by nature are afraid and they are trying to use their fear for work for them. Enlighten their fear to an extend that they would think twice before they take up weapons 2)By opening ways of peace at the same time and trying to find a solution for the future if possible, but then again this is a game not of today but the future. This requires planning. A well planned and well executed operation of peace or war seldom fail. 4) Provide social security and livelihood means to the youth of the country so that they do not take up anti-nationalism as a means fro daily bread. 5) Educate people, for a well-educated person is less likely to be fooled by the utopian ideas of terrorist campaigners. 5. First foremost we have to possess a full fledged anti terrorist mind within ourselves. Where ever whenever we find any small activity of terrorism we have to raise our voice against it together, not alone create a fear in the evil minds devil terrorists instead of being scared of their killing attitude activities. This can only be possible if we stand united with full support of police govt. administration. To stop any such unsocial activities the whole country has to protest together put an end to TERRORISM. 6. By eradicating the differences of castes, creeds, community, reservations, unemployment etc. from the society and by educating the youth about the self esteem, self-reliance, self-motivation, self-sufficiency, etc. 7. Educating one all, then spreading awareness with providing financial security to every one, we can definitely remove terrorism. 8. Terrorism is a problem and any problem can be finished if we identify its root and act on it. So far no one is able to achieve this because all of us are acting on Terrorism with a motive to kill the terrorist but this may be impossible. In fact we should find the cause for why are people joining the terror outfits and should solve their resentments. Terrorism should in fact be solved with talks and not weapons. They attack us and then we do and then do it again and the cycle goes on. So blood with blood is not the solution. 2.IS THE GOVERNMENT IN DENIAL ABOUT TERRORISM IN INDIA? 1. The Government is always in denial mood about terrorism. The politicians are utilizing terrorism for their political benefit. So for them it can be defined as agitation to facilitate their purpose of winning seats and form Govt. Long live Terrorism but deny that those are within the purview of terrorism so long they help to retain political power this is the mood of the Government. It is clear from their activities. 2. Yes, as it could be seen by the fact that even after repeated terrorist attacks in Hyderabad, the Central Government has not finalized or even initialized a pan India Law dealing with such stupid acts. Also there is a desperate need for a more efficient Intelligence Agency. 3. This government is not at all serious about the terrorism. They dont want to implement any good laws against the terrorist and also removed POTA. This indicates the bad game played by this government behind the scenes. 4. No. Rather Government has set up anti-terrorist squads across the country in strategic fields. In Police, Military everywhere theyve these squads working. Further, what about Laws? Our Indian parliament passed many laws to deal with the situations. India is one of those countries, which are facing terrorism. 5. The Government is not in denial about terrorism. It has shown great activeness in the Kashmir issue. But the real thing is that the government is ignoring the maintenance of a spy system. 6. No. It is rather in a state of blissful ignorance. They know very well that the threat of terrorism is real and has been here for a long time. What the government doesnt know now is that the general public is getting wise to this. They still peddle clichà ©d responses to such attacks in the belief that we, the new age Indian Citizens, are not aware of the reality. Vote bank politics is the prime culprit if you ask me. Everything in this country is being given the colour and shape of communalism and minority bashing. If loss of so many lives in recent times is not enough for the mandarins and politicos to kick into action, I only wonder what will be. The mere thought of it gives me a shudder. 7. Yes, I thoroughly believe that Indian politics is not taking ample measures to correct the state of terrorism in the country. We always think that North East is the worst affected area but the bigger picture that we are neglecting is the expansion of the red corridor. Yes, its the Naxalism that is now affecting India from within India. Other than the terrorism from outside, see the condition of the states of Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh. Our government is more busy on fighting over petty issues with Pakistan while they are not monitoring the internal insecurity and disrupt that is coming up strongly. 8. Government is doing their duty but still have to take some strong steps. 3.DO WE ALL AGREE THAT TERRORISM IS THE OUTCOME OF RELIGIOUS TEACHINGS? 1. Terrorism is nothing but ignorance of religion. 2. No religion teaches terrorism, but people practice terrorism in the name of religion 3. I strongly disagree that terrorism is the outcome of religious teaching, as every religion teaches peace and a way of making this world a better place to live. Terrorism is due to some corrupt people who use religion as their mask. 4. No, I do not agree fully. Religious fanaticism could be one of the factors of terrorism but there are other factors as well. Now almost all backward tribes are coming up with their legitimate demands that their lands be returned to them and getting no positive response, the youth took to Arms. The creation of ULFA was also on the similar note. This is not an unknown fact that the entire North East Region has been being treated with the step motherly attitude and negligence from the Center. There is a limit of everything. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Secondly Governments failure to tackle the unemployment problem also added to the woes. Like this there are numerous causes that Terrorism finally got a shape and the blame goes to the ruling Govt. 5. It is not religion. It is power. Religion is just a reason behind the terrorism, No religion in this world preaches terrorism. Terrorists are just preaching their religion known to be terrorism. 6. No. Though it seems so, it is not so. No religion teaches hatred for other human beings. No religion teaches terrorism. All the religions teach love and brotherhood. 7. Actually terrorism should not be compared with any religion because terrorism has no religions. Terrorists do not believe in any religion but they just take the name of religion and do all terrorists activities everywhere. Hindu 8. This is one of many independent factors. But, look at LTTE, Naxalists, and Maoists all politically motivated hence aiming at only police and administration. This is no justification. They still stand cruel. 4.HOW CAN WE STOP TERRRORISM? 1.Spread love. What is the reason of terror? I think it needs great research and work. There is a big need to understand basic grounds and cause for it. And yes, our legal and political system is very important for it. Timely action and justice is very important. 2. Everyone should be a paragon of virtue, an ambassador of goodwill and a mentor of humanity. Try to follow the adage Charity begins at home. If you can cleanse your personal atmosphere, proceed to a larger section, the society and the community. Then move on to the Nation. If everyone makes a simple enough attempt, the society can be free of terrorism. 3. Government has to give police and defense forces more power. Separate department should be there which monitors only terrorists and their activities. This action force will only attend the cases, which are related to terrorism and stop the terror in the country. This body will be only controlled by the President of India and Chief Justice of Supreme court, no other MPs or ruling party has any say to this department. In this way one can bring down the terrorism to some extent. 4. There should not be any leniency towards these terrorist out laws and our security forces are to be given a free hand to engage them, and destroy them, for the crores of peaceful citizens of India to live safely without any fear. There should not be any political interference in this matter. 5. By not indulging politics religion in the fundamental book of law. 6. Empower and educate people. Create more potent terror laws. Involve the media 7. Terrorism can be stopped by public awareness as well applying POTA. 8. Monitoring these groups closely for signs of illegal activity. 5.DOES OUR COUNTRY NEED STRONG LAWS TO FIGHT TERRORISM? 1.Our Law is already powerful. Anyhow, we have to seal the holes in it. The terrorism problem is not only in India, its happened all over the World. Its against mankind. So we need strictly different approaches to eradicate this evil 2. Yes it does. 3. Stronger anti-terror measures are needed to combat homegrown militants. 4. We do not need a MISA, TADA or POTA. They are inhuman in nature. The present laws if used properly can deal with terrorism. 5. The existing laws are good enough. The problem is with the entire system. There has to be unbiased people working in our police, intelligence and defence department without a political agenda and without their own religious beliefs coming in the way of dealing with terror. Then and only then will we be able to wipe terrorism out, else we will push innocent victims towards terrorism. 6. We have very strong laws, but all the citizens and specially politicians must be faithful to the Nation to help solve the problem. 7. No. We do not require any more laws. Law cannot control terrorism. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Instead it can be developed by better discipline. If you and me start to follow discipline, the question of TERROR will not appear à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨in the minds of the people 8.Yes, we do need strong laws to fight terrorism. ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION AND REMEDIAL MEASURES. From the above Survey we find, Terrorism is a great threat to our society in general. Different people have different opinions as to the ways in which terrorism can be countered. Everyone agrees that the law is essential to help control terrorism. Some believe that the existing laws are good enough as long as the Government does its duty and implements them properly, while others are of the opinion that stronger laws are required to fight terrorism. In the present day and age, people are aware that religion isnt the CAUSE of terrorism. It is merely an excuse used by the terrorists. Many blame the corrupt practices of the government and other powerful persons for the rise in terrorist activities. The negligence and suffering experienced by the terrorists in their childhood, or even later in in life have, in the opinions of some people, lead them to commit such evils. Terrorism poses a great threat to the law and order machinery of the state and leads to disintegration of society. The incidence of torture, extortion, murder, arson, kidnapping and mutilation, create an atmosphere of panic, fear and suspicion. Terrorists kill innocent, unarmed civilians. Life becomes uncertain. Violence and organized crime cause social disharmony. There is an end to economic development and heavy expenditure has to be made by the government to meet the challenges of terrorism. Facets of society, from freedom of religious expression to physical and political control over a region, are sought to be changed by terrorists. However, differences between societies results in different definitions of terrorism and great differences in characterizations of groups or individuals as terrorists. The pain, terror and sadness, the whole impact of terrorism has been difficult for people living around it and has invoked governments to raise their efforts to control terrorism. After the terrorist attacks in Mumbai in 2008, Indian Spiritual Guru, His Holiness Sri Sri Ravi Shankar said, This terrorist attack has left Indians in the grip of fear and anxiety. In this situation, religious and political leaders need to show the country that we stand together against terrorism. In order to remedy terrorism, we must inculcate a broader perspective of life, more than race, religion or nationality. We must educate people in human values of friendliness, compassion, cooperation and upliftment. We must help cultivate confidence in achieving noble aims by peaceful and non-violent means and we must create spiritual upliftment that will help weed out destructive tendencies. Along with this, the government needs to be proactive, there is a need for collective public safety and security measures, stringent action has to be taken by the enforcement agencies, there is need for an apex body to collect, coordinate and analyze data and there is also need for a timely, actionable intelligence which can be provided by HUMINT. All this will not be possible without winning the public support to combat terrorism effectively. Terrorism is defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as the unofficial or unauthorized use of violence and intimidation in the pursuit of political aims. Terrorism is thus a forceful and unlawful method to achieve the desired goal. Its sole objective is to overthrow the existing law and order machinery. It is a deliberate use of violence against the civilians and armed personnel and the state. JUDICIAL RESPONSE TO TERRORISM IN INDA The Indian judiciary has been sensitive to the debate regarding the definition of Terrorist Activity. A pragmatic approach has been taken by the court to ascertain the elements of terrorism from the act allegedly committed by the accused, rather than going deep into a debate on what the exact definition of terrorism is. Even while public opinion was strongly against specialized statutes for tackling terrorism and the strong provisions of these statutes, the courts continuously upheld its constitutional validity, suggesting only some checks and balances. On the whole it can be summed up that Indian judiciary was an active partner in the countrys war against terrorism and has at all occasions risen above political and academic concerns to address the real issue of terrorism. CONCLUSION Since Independence in 1947, India has been the victim of various insurgencies and terrorism. The magnitude of attacks and their impacts have only increased over the years. Under these circumstances there is a need to include certain provisions to deal strongly and effectively with this issue in the Indian Penal Code, 1860 and the other major legislations like the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 and the Indian Evidence Act, 1872. Incorporation of a separate chapter in the Indian Penal Code that defines terrorism and other related offences could be a great step forward. Stringent and deterrent punishment could also be prescribed for such offences. The National Investigative Agency (NIA) Act, 2008 and the Prevention of Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Act 2008 are two effective legislations in this regard. One way of preventing these terrorist acts can be by reorganizing the entire Indian intelligence set up along the lines that the United States has done in the wake of the September 11 terror attacks. Thus, I conclude my paper on Terrorism and Society with what the Honourable Supreme Court of India, in Mohd. Khalid v. State of West Bengal observed. That is: Terrorism is one of the manifestations of increased lawlessness and cult of violence. Violence and crime constitute a threat to an established order and are a revolt against a civilized society. Terrorism has not been defined under TADA nor is it possible to give a precise definition of terrorism or lay down what constitutes terrorism. It may be possible to describe it as use of violence when its most important result is not merely the physical and mental damage of the victim but the prolonged psychological effect it produces or has the potential of producing on the society as a whole. There may be death, injury, or destruction of property or even deprivation of individual liberty in the process but the extent and reach of the intended terrorist activity travels beyond the effect of an ordinary crime capable of being punished under the ordinary penal law of the land and its main objective is to overawe the Government or disturb the harmony of the society or terrorize people and the society and not only those directly assaulted, with a view to disturb the even tempo, peace and tranquility of the society and create a sense of fear and insecurity.

Ferrari Case Study

ENZO FERRARI The Making of the Motor Racing and Sport Cars Knowledge Cluster Case study of an inspired leader Piero Formica Taking its place to support the others The complete consort dancing together. Eliot (1970) ‘Little Gidding’ in the Four Quartets In 2002 Ferrari was awarded as the most respected Italian company in the world, according to a survey of more than 1000 top managers in twenty countries across the globe. Ferrari’s legend extends well beyond the automotive world and motor racing and sports-car industry, to reach the broader business community as well as the general public.The legend has been built around the efforts and determination of his founder and mentor, Enzo Ferrari. There is an untold part of the outstanding legacy that Enzo Ferrari left behind him. This is the invaluable contribution he made to the creation of a knowledge cluster in the motor racing and sports car industry. It deserves to be observed that the making of the Ferrari’s knowledge cluster bears much relation to the combined influence of different personalities, all strong and extremely demanding, who, to a greater or lesser extent, shared: Extraordinary ingenuity and sensibility along with a way to face work with humility. †¢ Strong conviction and stubborn determination with which they pursued their objectives. †¢ Awareness of their worth, having started from scratch and knowing that results are obtained with struggle and diligence, not by chance or shortcuts. On top of these traits there was the Ferrari’s anticonformist posture. He was someone who thought for himself. His innovative daring made appealing to him to deal with young men endowed with freshness and imagination. . 1898-1917: On-the-field knowledge and training Since the very early days of his education Ferrari was driven by the tacit knowledge embedded in the field of the father’s experience as a rural metal worker. His father's company, a small foundry, made shed s and gangways for the railroads in Italy. Ferrari was never interested in school. He had aspirations. One of these was to be a race car driver. Ferraris’ on-the-field education produced the cultural space which enabled, nourished and thrived formal education and training in sports-car.The case of Ferrari Owners Club Florida Region – Drivers Education The school is recommended for anyone without significant track experience or not completely familiar with the track, those who have never attended a formal driving school and anyone wishing to simply become a better driver. A morning and after lunch classroom session combined with individual instruction and ample track time will greatly enhance comfort level at speed. Diploma will memorialize accomplishment as a Florida Region Driving School graduate. All drivers will participate in one of three groups:The beginning group is designated for drivers with little or no track experience, who simply wishing to drive on the trac k and enjoy their cars at a very controlled speed. The touring group is intended to allow enjoyment of your car at speeds greater than allowed on public roads. The sport group requires a full FIA rated fire suit including shoes, socks, and gloves. No passengers are allowed. A club approved driving instructor may ride in the car with permission of the track steward. Speeds are not limited but must be well within the capability of the driver and the car.The club reserves the right to determine, at the track, the appropriate run group for any participant. This decision will be based on prior training, experience and demonstrated skills. The track steward's decision will be Final and reflect a concern for the drivers safety as well as the safety of others. 2. At the end of the First World War Building informal and personal relationships, and from the know-nothing land ascending the steep slope of the â€Å"Motor Racing Industry† hill of knowledge Aged barely 20, Ferrari spent muc h of his time frequenting the Bar de Nord on Turin's Ports Nuova, getting to know people and making connections.He aimed at creating trust, fashion, roles, and maximising the joint product of personal relationships within his small groups of peers, interacting informally out of the shop floor. Sharing and learning in the cafe, even playing cards rather than playing by business cards in the meetings: this was a common trait to the founders – in most cases, blue collars and technicians – of small companies in Italy. Ferrari got a job with CMN, a fledgling carmaker which concentrated on converting commercial vehicles left over from the war. His duties included test driving which he did in between delivering chassis to the coach builder.Through this association he got the chance to start racing himself at a time when drivers were far from the celebrity figures they would subsequently become (ironically) under the patronage of team owners like Enzo Ferrari. In 1920 he finis hed second at the wheel of an Alfa Romeo in Targa Florio. Although Ferrari was a good racer, his talent was in the direction of organisation and handling of small details. 3. 1920s 3. 1 Creation of the Ferrari’s community of knowledge practice[1] Throughout the 1920's Ferrari spent a lot of time judiciously massaging his commercial and engineering connections.He also began surrounding himself with a loyal cabal of close collaborators, including Gioacchino Colombo – the man who would eventually design the first Ferrari car after masterminding the Alpha 158s under Ferrari's patronage – and former Fiat technician Luigi Bazzi, a man who would survive into the 1960's as possibly Enzo's longest-standing lieutenant, having originally joined him in 1923. Bazzi had joined Alfa Romeo as long ago as 1922 after a spell in Fiat's experimental department, and would later become tagged as the man who conceived the fearsome twin-engined Alfa Romeo ‘Bimotore' in the 1930's . . 2 Team building by an autocatalytic process: Transforming personal knowledge into organisational knowledge Ferrari ‘made’ Bazzi and Bazzi ‘made’ Ferrari. Not only Bazzi was a valued technical guiding hand, but also his long association with Enzo Ferrari enabled him to help smooth over the differences of opinion and temperamental problems which made working with his boss an increasingly unpredictable, sometimes tempestuous, challenge in later years. Through dialogue and discussion cognitive conflicts and disagreement were raised, which questioned the existing premises.This made possible the transformation of personal knowledge into organisational knowledge. During the time with Alpha Romeo, Bazzi was also responsible for tempting the highly respected engineer Vittorio Jano to leave Fiat to join the rival firm. Bazzi, who had also worked with Fiat, was at least partly responsible for persuading Ferrari that Jano was the right man for the job. Within month s of joining Alfa, the ex-Fiat man was putting the finishing touches to the historic supercharged 2-litre P2, which made its competition debut in 1924. 3. 3 Creative creation by unexpected events: The origin of the Prancing Horse logo 7th June 1923: a sequence of events gave rise to what is unquestionably regarded as one of the most widely identified logos used by any car maker in history. That day Ferrari won the first Savio circuit, which was run in Ravenna, Italy. After the event, a man elbowed his way through to the front of the excited crush immediately surrounding Ferrari and shook the winner warmly by the hand. It turned out that this was the father of Francesco Baracca, the legendary First World War Italian fighter ace who shot down no fewer than 35 enemy planes during the conflict.Baracca's squadron had sported a shield in the centre of which was a prancing horse. Subsequently Ferrari met Francesco Baracca’s mother, Countess Paolina. One day she said to him, â€Å"F errari, why don't you put my son's prancing horse on your cars; it would bring you luck. † Thus was born the famous ‘Prancing Horse' logo. The horse was black and has remained so. Ferrari added the canary yellow background because it is the colour of his town, Modena. 4. 1930s-1940s Clarity of vision and ambitious goals at the heart of Ferrari’s visionOver the 1930s Scuderia Ferrari was a small, autonomous division of the Alpha Romeo Company. At the heart of Ferrari's disagreement with Alfa Romeo was the Milanese company's intention to re-enter motor racing under it's own name in 1938, the Alfa Corse organisation absorbing the Scuderia Ferrari operation and transferring the Tipo 158 development – which was essentially a Ferrari design and concept – back to Milan. Enzo Ferrari clearly felt affronted by this challenge to his own personal domain. His ego urged him to go his own way. Ferrari abandoned the existing patterns and practices.He did something when people said it is crazy to do it. 5. The origin of knowledge pools and a knowledge cluster of motor racing entrepreneurs: long-standing rivalry and co-operation Interpersonal collaboration across multiple boundaries – across cultures, functions, rivalries, geography – featured in a mix of rivalry and co-operation between motor racing entrepreneurs. Which gave birth, first, to knowledge pools and, then, to a knowledge cluster[2]: The springboards for innovation through collaboration, rivalry and creative imitation.In a personality-driven context, the key players were ‘strong heart’ individualists endowed with a hedgehog-minded[3] personality, who relate everything to a single central vision and focus maniacally on executing it. By raising rivalry but also building relationships among people, they made changes happened beyond the conventional wisdom horizon. 5. 1 The healthy rivalry Bitter rivals to fellow Modena racing entrepreneur Enzo Ferrari were th e Maserati brothers, the founders of Maserati in Bologna, Italy in 1914.The Trident trademark that still identifies Maserati cars today was designed by Mario, the artist among the Maserati brothers, who drew his inspiration from the Giambologna statue of Neptune in Bologna's main town square. Sold the company to the Orsi family of Modena just before the Second World War, the firm was then moved to Modena where it is still based today. The brothers remained as technical collaborators for 10 years until 1948. In 1947, Enzo Ferrari founded the company that bears his name in Maranello, a few kilometres south of Maserati.This marks the beginning of their long-standing rivalry. Enzo Ferrari and Maserati brothers felt themselves reciprocally free when kept apart from one another in creating a new tier of intra-domain business in the motor racing and sports-car industry. The challenge, which displayed itself in constant new models with original technical solutions, developed along the roads where Maserati could construct a series of excellent versions in terms of performance but less extreme and aggressive than Ferrari.Customers started to make their choices known: they were looking for a flexible and refined automobile, opting for the more conservative colours of the Maserati and for the increased on-board comfort and liveability which Ferrari had neglected in favour of sporty essentials. Yet, the same forces that kept apart the founding fathers later on bound up the inheritors and successors. Once involved in relationships with one another, they were no longer free: They were part of the inexorable stream. Today Ferrari owns Maserati and together they form a specialised ndustrial group that is unique in the world. The two makes compete in complementary market sectors with cars that have different characteristics. While Ferrari offers compact two-door coupe and spiders for street use, which find their origins of design in the advanced laboratory of Formula 1, Maserat i works in a different way. Maseratis, with equal technology to Ferrari, offer performance that is less extreme and a level of comfort and everyday usefulness that allows it to stand out as an authentic grand touring vehicle of the highest level.Maserati and Ferrari have not lost the healthy rivalry of long ago. 5. 2 The golden handshake ‘The Adam Smith’s invisible hand of the market must be accompanied by an invisible hand shake’. Over the past five decades, Ferrari and Pininfarina have had the world's best-known and most influential association between an automotive manufacturer and a design house. Though Enzo Ferrari and Battista Pininfarina yearned to work with each other in the early 1950s, the road to international stardom was hesitant to start. †Ferrari was a man of very strong character,† Sergio Pininfarina recalls. Therefore, Mr. Ferrari was not coming to Farina in Turin, and my father was not going to visit him in Modena, which was approxima tely 120-130 miles away. So they met halfway in Tortona. That fateful rendezvous would alter the world's automotive playing field. â€Å"Everything became extremely easy once they sat down at the table,† Pininfarina continues. â€Å"They never spoke about any type of price. Both were very enthusiastic, for each thought, ‘This will be great ‘ It was, ‘I will give you one chassis, and you will make one car. † The first steps were tentative, much like two outstanding dancers being paired for the first time. The initial effort yielded a handsome perfectly proportioned 212 Inter cabriolet that had its official public debut at 1952's Paris Auto Show. References Amidon, D. (2003), The Innovation SuperHighway, Butterworth-Heinemann, New York Berlin Isaiah (1953), The Hedgehog and the Fox, Simon & Schuster, New York, Crow, James, T. (1981), Ferrari's Early Years. Road & Track: 44 Forgacs, David and Robert, Lumley (1996), Italian Cultural Studies an Introductio n, Oxford University Press.Oxford Formica , Piero (2003), Industry and Knowledge Clusters: Principles, Practices, Policy, Tartu University Press: Chapter 2 Galt, Tony (1997) Lecture Italy, University of Wisconsin, Green Bay. Levin, Doron P. (1988), Enzo Ferrari, Builder of Racing Cars, is Dead at 90. New York Times, August 16. Section D23 Moritz, Charles (1968), Current Biography. 1968. New York: H W Wilson Company: 120- 122 Vorderman, Don (1980), The Man, The Myth, The Machine, Town & Country. February: 26, 30, and 34 Web sites Ferrari History http://www. thecollection. com/new/maserati/history. htmHistory of Ferrari in Formula One http://home. clara. net/nigelk/history. htm Interview with Sergio Pininfarina, Automobilia, Milano, 1997 http://www. pininfarina. it/eng/history/cooperation/ferrari2. html Nre, Doug, An Appreciation of Enzo Ferrari, in: Prova on-line Ferrari magazine Http://www. prova. com/ (look under â€Å"Editorials†) 51st Annual Pebble Beach concours d'eleganc e – 19 Agust 2001 http://www. pininfarina. it/eng/press/edition/14. html Ferrari Owners Club Florida Region – Drivers – Educationhttp://www. focfloridaregion. com/education. htm ———————– 1] A community of knowledge practice is a constituency of many different characters. This community helps to harness the creativity and promote cross-fertilization of ideas necessary for innovation (Formica 2003: Chapter 2; Amidon, 2003). The notion of communities of practice originated with John Seely Brown, the director of Xerox Corp. ’s Palo Alto Research Center (PARC). Brown suggested that â€Å"At the simplest level, they are a small group of people who’ve worked together over a period of time†¦ not a team, not a task force, not necessarily an authorized or identified group†¦They are peers in the execution of ‘real work’.What holds them together is a common sense of purpose and a r eal need to know what the other knows†. [2] Different communities of knowledge practice coalesce in a knowledge pool. Different knowledge pools form a knowledge cluster (Formica, 2003: Chapter 2). [3] â€Å"The Greek poet Archilochus says: ‘The fox knows many things, but the hedgehog knows one big thing’. The hedgehog’s vision is of one, of a single substance. The hedgehog is a monist† (Berlin, 1953).

Newspapers and Books outdated? Essay

Newspaper and books have long been a medium for information transfer and dissemination. The printing press and the printing industry have been around for centuries, and have become the major tool for communication and information. They have been the most popular medium for shaping public opinion. Their credibility, knowledge, values and information-gathering skills remain a formidable force on the high street, and with titles now separated into sections with more lifestyle content, their potential for brands has increased further – online and offline. The success of newspapers largely boils down to a single truth: they are effective in shaping opinion. They possess a large amount of power when it comes to public perception. For many, newspapers are the most reliable form of news and information, backing up this information with credible opinion and insight. It is this level of trust that leads to readers spending a huge amount of time reading their newspaper with two thirds of readers at least three quarters of the content, impacting millions of people. Technology has many great functional purposes, which aid in our daily lives. As more and more people start embracing these functions, books are slowly being replaced. A total of 2,267,233,742 people use the Internet alone that constitutes 32.7% of the world’s population. New technology is thought to be very empowering. We live in an information society where the leading role has been given to new technologies, especially those devoted to information. This is a very threatening prospect for books and newspapers. As we try to understand information, to separate it from judgement, to establish fact, we find ourselves in a free fall: we bring to information, to judgement, to ‘fact’, our opinions and views which are in part created by the very manifestations of information, news and opinion that we consume. The Internet and other forms of the new media shape this very information. Also, more and more people are using technology. Whether they want it or not, technology is not only becoming a mandatory part of their jobs, but their children are bringing it into their homes. The increased sophistication of operating systems (e.g.Windows) and of the applications written for them lower the barriers to learning how to use technology. The catchword of these new tools is intuitive (as in, â€Å"this new application has a number of intuitive, easy-to-use features . . .†). The plain fact is that people are  using more technology because it enables them to do more with less. Compare the process of performing manual research using books with the process of using a computer. Computer-assisted research usually takes a fraction of the time and, consequently, money. Thus with the aforementioned points, one could argue that books and newspapers are a thing of the past as we move into the twenty first century. However, one could argue that books and newspapers are in fact creating something new, blurring the lines of old and new media. Perhaps one cannot judge a book by its cover, but there is a wealth of information to be gleaned from its interior. As we embrace the Internet and other new technologies, newspapers and books are beginning to blur the line between old and new media. The new media is not here to replace the old media; in fact, there are possibilities of linking the new media to form a † whole new art form â€Å". Books and newspapers possess the enduring role in shaping habits of thoughts, conduct, and expression. At the same time, it draws attention to the ways in which the social, economic, and material coordinates of books have been changing in relation to other media, denser forms of industrial organization, shifting patterns of work and leisure. These two forms of media seek a broad audience for a typically narrow (and often biased) message that’s typically embedded in entertainment or useful information/opinion. Mass media communication is expensive, so it’s funded through participant admissions/subscriptions and contributions, or through sponsorships and advertising (or a combination of these funding sources). It thus must provide something sufficiently valuable to its potential audience to gain that necessary financial support. Emotional arousal created by these media drives attention, which drives learning and conscious behavior – so it’s important for media programmers to understand and present content that will emotionally arouse potential participants. The media thus exploit areas of strong emotional arousal to help shape our knowledge and opinions. The content covered in these two forms of media potentially shape our thought and opinions. Newspapers and books may exist physically as old media but the content within lets newspapers and books coexist as new media. Therefore, with the aforementioned points, books and newspapers are not deemed as outdated. Books are artifacts with a deep and abiding history that belong in and to our own age-no more and no less so than flat-screen televisions, MP3 players, computers, and other so-called cutting-edge technologies, they keep us in tune with the rest of the world. Janice A. Radway, an American literary and cultural studies scholar, quoted that; printed books and newspapers â€Å"do not appear miraculously† in people’s hands. â€Å"They are, rather, the end product of a much-mediated, highly complex, material and social process.† (Radway 93) Integral to this process, is distribution. Developments in this perhaps more arcane aspect of the circuit of culture have paralleled transformations in the more closely scrutinized domains of book production and consumption. The everydayness of books belies a long, complicated, and still unfinished history, one intimately bound up with all of the following: a changed and changing mode of production; new technological products and processes; shifts in law and jurisprudence; the proliferation of culture and the rise of cultural politics; and a host of sociological transformations, among many other factors. The history of books go further beyond than just writing down a story, it consists of much more and people should learn to cherish that fact. Thus with the aforementioned points, books and newspapers are not outdated. The normative role of newspapers-setting a community agenda-remains essential, but the ways in which the newspapers fulfill this function are in constant transition. All media are about relationships. We are connected with community by means of our contact with media, including other people, who also are a form of media after all. Communication scholar Keith Stamm argues that â€Å"children are a [medium of connection] between families and the school system.† (Stamm 100). Similarly, news media connect us to the communities to which we belong, or want to belong. Likewise, the World Wide Web is not just a medium about information but about relationships-a way for individuals to connect with other individuals. Audiences have historically connected with their community by means of newspaper agendas. Audiences, who collectively or individually adopt the newspaper agenda of issues as their own, meld with their local community. Sharing media agendas means that different types of people-men versus women, old versus young, rich versus  poor-become more focused on the same public issues, suggesting that one function of news media is to draw disparate individuals around selected public issues. That role has been important for the newspapers since our colonial beginning and is likely to remain so in the twenty-first century. In modern times, newspapers have proven important platforms to examine the performance of contemporary institutions, such as the _Washington Post_ investigations of the incidents surrounding the Watergate break-in during the administration of President Richard Nixon in the early 1970s. Newspapers reflect the community dynamic, and the future of newspapers is linked to the future of communities. Therefore, with the aforementioned points, books and newspapers are necessary in society and are not outdated. In conclusion, books and newspapers have many deep hidden qualities that people cannot see from the surface, they provide us with essential information, they have a deep abiding history, they blur the lines between old and new media. Although it may seem as though technology is replacing newspaper and books, it is not necessarily true as newspapers and books are needed in society and they cannot be outdated. BIBLIOGRAPHY Keller, Bill. â€Å"Disrupters and Adapters, Continued: Will the Internet Save Newspapers?† _Bill Keller’s Blog_. N.p., 3 Oct. 2011. Web. 13 July 2012. . Porter, Eduardo. â€Å"EDITORIAL | EDITORIAL OBSERVER; What Newspapers Do, Have Done and Will Do.† _The New York Times_. The New York Times, 14 Feb. 2009. Web. 10 July 2012. . Striphas, Theodore G. The Late Age of Print: Everyday Book Culture from Consumerism to Control. New York: Columbia UP, 2009. Print. â€Å"World Internet Usage Statistics News and World PopulationStats.† World Internet Usage Statistics News and World PopulationStats. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Aug. 2012. . Griffith, Cary. â€Å"Multimedia and the Importance of Books: Does Greater Use of Nonprint Research Sources Herald the Book’s Demise?† _Information Today_ 1 Jan. 1997: n. pag. Print. Sylwester, Robert. â€Å"BrainConnection.com – How Mass Media Affect Our Perception of Reality — Part 1 – Page 1.† _BrainConnection.com – How Mass Media Affect Our Perception of Reality — Part 1 – Page 1_. N.p., Dec. 2001. Web. 10 Sept. 2012. .

A Summary On The Novel Lord Of The Flies - 1554 Words

Chapter Thirty-One Dungeons, Smoke, and Mirrors The king’s knuckles whitened on the arms of his gilded chair. â€Å"Make the monsters,† Orrin’s eyes danced with rage, â€Å"sit there.† The gruesome wizard and his sidekick shuffled over and plopped down on three-legged stools in the center of the dungeon floor. Argos appeared and squatted behind Raven and Frey, wrapping chains around their wrists and ankles. â€Å"That ought to hold them.† He stood and looked at the king. â€Å"But if you require me, I will be waiting in the corner, sire.† â€Å"I’ll talk to the goblin later. Take her away.† â€Å"Yes, my lord,† he said. The cyclops grabbed the stool Raven was slumped on and stooped so that his huge head just brushed the sloped ceiling as he melted into the shadows. â€Å"Aiden,† King Orrin sighed. â€Å"You have my things.† â€Å"Oh . . . Sorry. I almost forgot. Here.† I handed him the golden key. He set it on top of a small box with an inscription written in silver and it vanished. 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